The Company is taxed as a corporation for income tax purposes and is subject to federal, state, and local taxes with respect to its allocable share of any net taxable income from the LLC. The LLC is a limited liability company taxed as a partnership for income tax purposes, and its taxable income or loss is passed through to its members, including the Company. The LLC is subject to income taxes on its taxable income in certain foreign countries, in certain state and local jurisdictions that impose income taxes on partnerships, and on the taxable income of its U.S. corporate subsidiaries.

The Company’s effective tax rate from continuing operations was 10.44% and 14.14% for the three months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and 7.90% and (3.06)% for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 and 2021, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three months ended September 30, 2022 is different from the 21% statutory rate primarily as a result of the tax benefit from the vesting of Staking RSUs and the income attributable to the non-controlling interest. The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2022 is different from the 21% statutory rate primarily as a result of the changes in state tax rates and the income attributable to the non-controlling interest. The quarterly effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021 are different from the 21% statutory tax rate primarily as a result of the income attributable to the non-controlling interest.

The Company does not believe it has any significant uncertain tax positions and therefore has no unrecognized tax benefits as of September 30, 2022, that if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate. The Company does not anticipate material changes in unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve-month period. The Company’s 2021 tax year filings are open to examination by taxing authorities for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes.

Deferred Taxes

The Company reported Deferred tax assets of $399.0 million and $382.8 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021, respectively, and Deferred tax liabilities of $0.6 million as of September 30, 2022 and December 31, 2021 on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The increase in the Deferred tax assets during the nine months ended September 30, 2022 was primarily related to changes in the state tax rates, which resulted in a tax benefit on the Consolidated Statements of Income, to exchanges of LLC Common Units, which resulted in an increase to Additional paid-in capital on the Consolidated Statements of Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders’/Members’ Equity, and to the vesting of Staking RSUs, which resulted in a tax benefit on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

As of September 30, 2022, the Company concluded that, based on the weight of all available positive and negative evidence, the Deferred tax assets with respect to the Company’s basis difference in its investment in the LLC are more likely than not to be realized. As such, no valuation allowance has been recognized against that basis difference.

Tax Receivable Agreement (TRA)

In connection with the Organizational Transactions and IPO, the Company entered into a TRA with current and certain former LLC Unitholders. The TRA provides for the payment by the Company to the current and certain former LLC Unitholders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, and local income taxes that the Company realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) as a result of (i) certain increases in the tax basis of the assets of the LLC resulting from purchases or exchanges of LLC Common Units (“Exchange Tax Attributes”), (ii) certain tax attributes of the LLC that existed prior to the IPO (“Pre-IPO M&A Tax Attributes”), (iii) certain favorable “remedial” partnership tax allocations to which the Company becomes entitled (if any), and (iv) certain other tax benefits related to the Company entering into the TRA, including certain tax benefits attributable to payments that the Company makes under the TRA (“TRA Payment Tax Attributes”). The Company recognizes a liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the undiscounted estimated future payments under the TRA. The amounts payable under the TRA will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the amount, character, and timing of the taxable income of the Company in the future.

Based on current projections, the Company anticipates having sufficient taxable income to be able to realize the benefits and has recorded Tax Receivable Agreement liabilities of $302.4 million related to these benefits on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of September 30, 2022. The following summarizes activity related to the Tax Receivable Agreement liabilities:

During the nine months ended September 30, 2022, the TRA liabilities increased $23.1 million due to an exchange of LLC Common Units for Class A common stock, which resulted in a decrease to Additional paid-in capital on the Consolidated Statements of Mezzanine Equity and Stockholders’/Members’ Equity. During the same period, the Company remeasured the TRA liabilities due to changes in state tax rates resulting in a $7.2 million expense as the Company increased its estimated cash tax savings rate from 25.12% to 25.65%. The change was recognized in Other non-operating loss on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The tax effects on the components of Other comprehensive income (loss) for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2022 were $(0.5) million and $(1.0) million, respectively, for Foreign currency translation adjustments, $(0.2) million and $(0.7) million, respectively, for Change in share of equity method investment in related party other comprehensive loss, and $2.6 million and $2.7 million, respectively, for Gain on interest rate cap. The tax effects on the components of Other comprehensive income (loss) were de minimis for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2021.