The Company is taxed as a corporation for income tax purposes and is subject to federal, state, and local taxes with respect to its allocable share of any net taxable income from the LLC. The LLC is a limited liability company taxed as a partnership for income tax purposes, and its taxable income or loss is passed through to its members, including the Company. The LLC is subject to income taxes on its taxable income in certain foreign countries, in certain state and local jurisdictions that impose income taxes on partnerships, and on the taxable income of its U.S. corporate subsidiaries.

The Company’s effective tax rate from continuing operations was 14.7% and (33.2)% for the three months ended March 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2023 is different from the 21% statutory rate primarily as a result of the income attributable to the non-controlling interests. The effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2022 is significantly different from the 21% statutory rate primarily as a result of the change in the state tax rates and nondeductible expenses.

The Company does not believe it has any significant uncertain tax positions and therefore has no unrecognized tax benefits as of March 31, 2023, that, if recognized, would affect the annual effective tax rate. The Company does not anticipate material changes in unrecognized tax benefits within the next twelve-month period. The Company’s 2021 tax year filings are open to examination by taxing authorities for U.S. federal and state income tax purposes.

Deferred Taxes

The Company reported Deferred tax assets of $402.5 million and $396.8 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively, and Deferred tax liabilities of $0.6 million as of March 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. The increase in the Deferred tax assets during the three months ended March 31, 2023 was primarily related to exchanges of LLC Common Units, which resulted in an increase to Additional paid-in capital on the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity.

As of March 31, 2023, the Company concluded that, based on the weight of all available positive and negative evidence, the Deferred tax assets with respect to the Company’s basis difference in its investment in the LLC are more likely than not to be realized. As such, no valuation allowance has been recognized against that basis difference.

Tax Receivable Agreement (TRA)

The Company is party to a TRA with current and certain former LLC Unitholders. The TRA provides for the payment by the Company to the current and certain former LLC Unitholders of 85% of the net cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, and local income taxes that the Company realizes (or is deemed to realize in certain circumstances) as a result of (i) certain increases in the tax basis of the assets of the LLC resulting from purchases or exchanges of LLC Common Units (“Exchange Tax Attributes”), (ii) certain tax attributes of the LLC that existed prior to the IPO (“Pre-IPO M&A Tax Attributes”), (iii) certain favorable “remedial” partnership tax allocations to which the Company becomes entitled (if any), and (iv) certain other tax benefits related to the Company entering into the TRA, including certain tax benefits attributable to payments that the Company makes under the TRA (“TRA Payment Tax Attributes”). The Company recognizes a liability on the Consolidated Balance Sheets based on the undiscounted estimated future payments under the TRA. The amounts payable under the TRA will vary depending upon a number of factors, including the amount, character, and timing of the taxable income of the Company in the future.

Based on current projections, the Company anticipates having sufficient taxable income to be able to realize the benefits and has recorded Tax Receivable Agreement liabilities of $303.6 million related to these benefits on the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2023. The following summarizes activity related to the Tax Receivable Agreement liabilities:

During the three months ended March 31, 2023, the TRA liabilities increased $8.3 million due to an exchange of LLC Common Units for Class A common stock, which was recognized in Additional paid-in capital on the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity. During the three months ended March 31, 2022, the TRA liabilities increased $0.9 million due to an exchange of LLC

Common Units for Class A common stock, which was recognized in Additional paid-in capital on the Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity. Additionally, the Company remeasured the TRA liabilities due to changes in state tax rates resulting in a $7.7 million expense as the Company increased its estimated cash tax savings rate from 25.12% to 25.69%, which was recognized in Other non-operating loss (income) on the Consolidated Statements of Income.

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

The tax expense (benefit) on the components of Other comprehensive income (loss) for the three months ended March 31, 2023 were $0.1 million for Foreign currency translation adjustments, $0.1 million for Change in share of equity method investment in related party other comprehensive income (loss), $(0.3) million for Loss on interest rate cap, and $(0.5) million for the (Gain) on interest rate cap reclassified to earnings. The tax effects on the components of Other comprehensive income (loss) were de minimis for the three months ended March 31, 2022.